Re: 中美建交公報的真相(1)-前言消失

看板historia作者asbak時間6年前 (2018/04/26 20:16)推噓6(6推 0噓 4→)

留言10則, 5人參與討論串4/13 (看更多)

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties http://global.oup.com/booksites/content/9780198259466/15550012 維也納條約法公約(中文) http://www.6law.idv.tw/6law/law2/%E7%B6%AD%E4%B9%9F%E7%B4%8D%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84%E6%B3%95%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84.htm 第7條　全權證書　　一、任一人員如有下列情形之一，視為代表一國議定或認證條約約文或表示該國承受條約拘束之同意：　　（甲）出具適當之全權證書；或　　（乙）由於有關國家之慣例或由於其他情況可見此等國家之意思係認為該人員為此事代表該國而可免除全權證書。　　二、下列人員由於所任職務毋須出具全權證書，視為代表其國家：　　（甲）國家元首、政府首長及外交部長，為實施關於締結條約之一切行為；　　（乙）使館館長，為議定派遣國與駐在國間條約約文；　　（丙）國家派往國際會議或派駐國際組織或該國際組織一機關之代表，為議定在該會議、組織或機關內議定之條約約文。 Article 7 [Full powers] 1. A person is considered as representing a State for the purpose of adopting or authenticating the text of a treaty or for the purpose of expressing the consent of the State to be bound by a treaty if: (a) he produces appropriate full powers; or (b) it appears from the practice of the States concerned or from other circumstances that their intention was to consider that person as representing the State for such purposes and to dispense with full powers. 2. In virtue of their functions and without having to produce full powers, the following are considered as representing their State: (a) Heads of State, Heads of Government and Ministers for Foreign Affairs, for the purpose of performing all acts relating to the conclusion of a treaty; (b) heads of diplomatic missions, for the purpose of adopting the text of a treaty between the accrediting State and the State to which they are accredited; (c) representatives accredited by States to an international conference or to an international organization or one of its organs, for the purpose of adopting the text of a treaty in that conference, organization or organ. 第8條　未經授權所實施行為之事後確認　　關於締結條約之行為係依第七條不能視為經授權為此事代表一國之人員所實施者，非經該國事後確認，不發生法律效果。 Article 8 [Subsequent confirmation of an act performed without authorization] An act relating to the conclusion of a treaty performed by a person who cannot be considered under article 7 as authorized to represent a State for that purpose is without legal effect unless afterwards confirmed by that State. 第10條　約文之認證　　條約約文依下列方法確定為作準定本：　　（甲）依約文所載或經參加草擬約文國家協議之程序；或　　（乙）倘無此項程序，由此等國家代表在條約約文上，或在載有約文之會議蕆事文件上簽署，作待核准之簽署或草簽。 Article 10 [Authentication of the text] The text of a treaty is established as authentic and definitive: (a) by such procedures as may be provided for in the text or agreed upon by the States participating in its drawing up; or (b) failing such procedure, by the signature, signature ad referendum or initialling by the representatives of those States of the text of the treaty or of the Final Act of a conference incorporating the text. 第11條　表示同意承受條約拘束之方式　　一國承受條約拘束之同意得以簽署、交換構成條約之文書、批准、接受、贊同或加入、或任何其他同意之方式表示之。 Article 11 [Means of expressing consent to be bound by a treaty] The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty may be expressed by signature, exchange of instruments constituting a treaty, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, or by any other means if so agreed. 第24條　生效　　一、條約生效之方式及日期，依條約之規定或依談判國之協議。　　二、倘無此種規定或協議，條約一俟確定所有談判國同意承受條約之拘束，即行生效。　　三、除條約另有規定外，一國承受條約拘束之同意如係於條約生效後之一日期確定，則條約自該日起對該國生效。　　四、條約中為條約約文之認證，國家同意承受條約拘束之確定，條約生效之方式或日期，保留，保管機關之職務以及當然在條約生效前發生之其他事項所訂立之規定，自條約約文議定時起適用之。 Article 24 [Entry into force] 1. A treaty enters into force in such manner and upon such date as it may provide or as the negotiating States may agree. 2. Failing any such provision or agreement, a treaty enters into force as soon as consent to be bound by the treaty has been established for all the negotiating States. 3. When the consent of a State to be bound by a treaty is established on a date after the treaty has come into force, the treaty enters into force for that State on that date, unless the treaty otherwise provides. 4. The provisions of a treaty regulating the authentication of its text, the establishment of the consent of States to be bound by the treaty, the manner or date of its entry into force, reservations, the functions of the depositary and other matters arising necessarily before the entry into force of the treaty apply from the time of the adoption of its 第85條　作準文本　　本公約之原本應送請聯合國秘書長存放，其中文、英文、法文、俄文及西班牙文各本同一作準。　　為此，下列全權代表各秉本國政府正式授予簽字之權，謹簽字於本公約，以昭信守。　　公曆一千九百六十九年五月二十三日訂於維也納。 Article 85 [Authentic texts] The original of the present Convention, of which the Chinese, English, French Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. ------------------------------------------------------ PS：我的看法條約或外交公報的A文本與B文本，都應當具有一樣的同意形式。第11條所說的同意形式： 1.簽署 2.交換文書 3.批准 4.接受 5.贊同 6.加入 7.其他同意之方式基本上簽署是第一順位的原則同意形式，不簽署才是例外。再者，同一條約的A文本與B文本若同時有效，而其中A文本的同意形式為「雙方的國家代表都有簽署」，那麼，B文本也應當具有相同的同意形式(B文本亦會有簽署)。若僅A文本有簽署，而B文本無簽署，而且A方表示過不承認B文本而只承認A文本，那麼， B文本本來就是自始無效的，根本就不具有後續探討國際法實務上的實益。那些探討都是衍生自A文本而來。不能因為B文本跟A文本有 99.9%很相似，就全面逕自承認剩下的0.1%也都具有效力。 -- ※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc), 來自: 118.168.102.29 ※ 文章網址: https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/historia/M.1524744988.A.0EA.html ※ 編輯: asbak (118.168.102.29), 04/26/2018 21:19:35

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hgt

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requiem

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godivan

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godivan

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huanvdn

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Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_1_1961.pdf 維也納外交關系公約(中文) http://www.6law.idv.tw/6law/law2/%E7%B6%AD%E4%B9%9F%E7%B4%8D%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84.htm 第2條：　國與國間外交關係及常設使館之建立，以協議為之。 Article 2 The establishment of diplomatic relations between States, and of permanent diplomatic missions, takes place by mutual consent. 第53條本公約之原本應交聯合國秘書長存放，其中文、英文、法文、俄文及西班牙文各本同一作準；秘書長應將各文正式副本分送所有屬於第四十八條所稱四類之一之國家。為此，下列全權代表，各秉本國政府正式授予簽字之權，謹簽字於本公約，以昭信守。　公曆1961年4月18日訂於維也納。 Article 53 The original of the present Convention, of which the Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall send certified copies thereof to all States belonging to any of the four categories mentioned in article 48. ------------------------------------------------------ PS：我的看法：外交公報的地位是否等於條約? 條約(treaty) 跟協議(mutual consent)畢竟是不同的英文字彙，也許在語意學上可以是等價的，但由於字母拼寫則是絕對不同的，所以究竟是相同的?還是不同的?可以進行假設性的分解來研究看看： 1.如果等於條約那麼，其生效須符合條約生效所需的雙方各自之同意形式，同意形式有7種，其中簽署與批准大概都需要簽字或蓋章。簽署可以由國家元首或國家代表行之，批准則在民主國家可能需要國會投票通過的正當法律程序追認後方完成同意形式。 2.如果公報這種協議不是條約那麼，它的成立就不見得適用維也納條約法公約。他的成立要件應該要找別的國際法或國內法規定去進行比較和探究。不過這種狀況下就不用太執著非得比照條約需有雙方在文件上的簽署。另外，下面有3個影片，對於當時的時空背景有所介紹，可以參考看看。比起「acknowledge係認知抑承認」、「兩種文本有無簽署」、「公報效力是否等於條約」，當時似乎更重視的是對台軍售的問題，最後選擇擱置冷處理： President Carter Speech on China Recognition 250058-03 | Footage Farm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CsEkpbFEuXM